Disclaimer: This is general health information only and is not a substitute for advice from your GP or healthcare professional.
1. What is pyelonephritis?
Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection that occurs when bacteria travel from the bladder to the kidneys. It can cause serious illness if not treated promptly.
2. What causes pyelonephritis?
The infection is usually caused by bacteria from the urinary tract, commonly E. coli. Risk factors include urinary tract obstruction, kidney stones, diabetes, urinary catheters, or structural abnormalities of the urinary tract.
3. What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis?
Symptoms include high fever, chills, flank or back pain, nausea, vomiting, frequent urination, urgency, burning with urination, and sometimes cloudy or foul-smelling urine.
4. How is pyelonephritis diagnosed?
Diagnosis is made with urine tests to detect bacteria, blood tests to assess kidney function and infection, and imaging (ultrasound or CT) if complications are suspected.
5. How is pyelonephritis treated?
Treatment usually involves antibiotics, sometimes given intravenously if the infection is severe. Hospitalization may be required for high-risk or very ill patients. Adequate hydration and supportive care are also important.
6. Can pyelonephritis cause complications?
Yes. If untreated, it can lead to kidney damage, sepsis, recurrent infections, or abscess formation, which can be life-threatening.
7. How long does treatment take?
Mild cases may be treated with oral antibiotics for 1–2 weeks, while severe infections may require IV antibiotics for several days followed by oral therapy. Symptoms often improve within a few days of starting treatment.
8. Can pyelonephritis be prevented?
Prevention includes drinking plenty of fluids, promptly treating urinary tract infections, good personal hygiene, and managing underlying conditions such as kidney stones or diabetes.
9. Who is at higher risk of pyelonephritis?
Higher-risk individuals include women, people with diabetes, those with urinary tract abnormalities, kidney stones, or a history of recurrent urinary infections.
10. When should I see a doctor?
See a doctor immediately if you have high fever, flank pain, nausea and vomiting, blood in urine, or signs of systemic infection. Early treatment is essential to prevent complications.
