This information is general only and does not replace advice from your GP or healthcare professional.
1. What is Hashimoto’s disease?
Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Over time, this damage reduces the thyroid’s ability to produce hormones, often leading to hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone levels).
2. What are the common symptoms?
Symptoms develop slowly and may include fatigue, weight gain, feeling cold, dry skin, hair thinning, constipation, slow heart rate, puffy face, depression, and difficulty concentrating. Some people may notice a swelling in the neck (goiter).
3. What causes Hashimoto’s disease?
It is caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking the thyroid. Genetics, family history of autoimmune diseases, stress, infections, and environmental factors like iodine intake may contribute. Women are more commonly affected than men.
4. How is Hashimoto’s disease diagnosed?
Diagnosis is made through blood tests measuring thyroid hormones (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid autoantibodies (anti-TPO and anti-thyroglobulin). Physical examination may reveal an enlarged thyroid.
5. How is Hashimoto’s disease treated?
Treatment focuses on replacing missing thyroid hormone using levothyroxine. The dose is personalized and adjusted over time based on blood tests and symptoms. Treatment allows most people to live normal, healthy lives.
6. Can Hashimoto’s disease be cured?
There is no cure. Hashimoto’s is usually lifelong. With proper treatment and monitoring, most people can manage symptoms effectively and prevent complications.
7. What are the risks of untreated Hashimoto’s disease?
Untreated Hashimoto’s can lead to severe hypothyroidism, causing fatigue, weight gain, high cholesterol, infertility, and, in rare cases, myxedema—a serious condition with swelling, low body temperature, and altered consciousness.
8. How often should blood tests be done?
After starting treatment, blood tests are typically repeated every 6–12 weeks until thyroid hormone levels are stable, then every 6–12 months. More frequent monitoring is needed during pregnancy or if symptoms change.
9. Can lifestyle changes help?
Healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and avoiding substances that interfere with thyroid hormone absorption (like certain supplements taken near medication) can support overall health. Medication remains essential.
10. When should I see a GP urgently?
Seek urgent care if you develop extreme fatigue, confusion, swelling of the face or extremities, difficulty breathing, or other symptoms suggesting severe hypothyroidism or myxedema. Early treatment prevents serious complications.
