Disclaimer: This is general health information only and is not a substitute for advice from your GP or healthcare professional.
1. What is a migraine?
Migraine is a neurological condition characterised by recurrent episodes of moderate to severe headache, often accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, sensitivity to light and sound, and visual disturbances. It is more than just a severe headache and can significantly affect daily functioning.
2. What causes migraines?
The exact cause is not fully understood, but migraines are believed to involve abnormal brain activity affecting nerve signalling, blood vessels, and inflammatory pathways. Genetic factors play a strong role, and certain triggers can precipitate attacks in susceptible individuals.
3. What are common migraine triggers?
Triggers vary between individuals but may include stress, hormonal changes, lack of sleep, dehydration, skipped meals, certain foods, alcohol, bright lights, strong smells, and weather changes. Identifying personal triggers can help reduce attack frequency.
4. What are the typical symptoms of a migraine attack?
Migraine pain is often described as throbbing or pulsating and usually affects one side of the head, although both sides can be involved. It may last from a few hours to several days. Associated symptoms commonly include nausea, vomiting, and heightened sensitivity to light, sound, or smells.
5. What is a migraine aura?
A migraine aura is a temporary neurological disturbance that may occur before or during a headache. It often includes visual symptoms such as flashing lights, zigzag lines, blind spots, or tingling sensations in the face or limbs. Aura symptoms usually develop gradually and resolve within an hour.
6. How is migraine diagnosed?
Migraine is diagnosed clinically based on symptom patterns and medical history. There is no specific blood test for migraine. Brain imaging may be recommended if symptoms are atypical, sudden in onset, progressively worsening, or associated with concerning neurological signs.
7. How is a migraine treated during an attack?
Acute treatment aims to relieve pain and associated symptoms. Options include simple pain relievers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-nausea medications, and specific migraine treatments such as triptans. Early treatment at the onset of symptoms improves effectiveness.
8. Can migraines be prevented?
Preventive treatment may be recommended if migraines are frequent or severe. Preventive options include lifestyle modifications, prescription medications, and newer targeted therapies. Managing triggers, maintaining regular sleep patterns, and stress reduction are important components of prevention.
9. When should I seek urgent medical attention?
Urgent evaluation is required if a headache is sudden and severe, described as the “worst headache ever,” associated with fever, neck stiffness, confusion, weakness, seizures, or following head injury. These features may indicate a more serious condition.
10. Can migraines affect long-term health?
While migraines themselves are not typically life-threatening, they can significantly impact quality of life, productivity, and mental health. In some individuals, particularly those with migraine with aura, there is a slightly increased risk of stroke, especially when combined with other risk factors such as smoking or certain hormonal contraceptives. Proper management helps reduce complications and improve overall wellbeing.