Disclaimer: This is general health information only and is not a substitute for advice from your GP or healthcare professional.
1. What is vitamin B12 deficiency?
Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs when the body does not have enough vitamin B12 to support red blood cell production, nerve function, and brain health. It can lead to anaemia and neurological problems if untreated.
2. What conditions can cause vitamin B12 deficiency?
Vitamin B12 deficiency is often caused by problems with absorption rather than low intake alone. Conditions include pernicious anaemia (autoimmune loss of intrinsic factor), chronic gastritis, coeliac disease, Crohn’s disease, and previous stomach or bowel surgery. Long-term use of certain medications such as metformin and acid-suppressing medicines (PPIs) can also reduce absorption. Dietary deficiency may occur in strict vegetarians or vegans.
3. What are the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, balance problems, memory or concentration difficulties, mood changes, and a sore or smooth tongue.
4. How is vitamin B12 deficiency diagnosed?
Vitamin B12 deficiency is diagnosed with blood tests measuring B12 levels. Additional tests may be needed to check for anaemia or identify the underlying cause.
5. How is vitamin B12 deficiency treated?
Treatment depends on the cause and severity. Options include oral vitamin B12 supplements or vitamin B12 injections, especially when absorption is poor or neurological symptoms are present.
6. How long does treatment take?
Blood levels often improve within weeks, but nerve-related symptoms may take months. Some people require long-term or lifelong treatment, particularly if absorption problems persist.
7. Are there side effects of vitamin B12 treatment?
Vitamin B12 treatment is generally very safe. Side effects are rare and may include mild injection site discomfort or temporary headache.
8. Who is at higher risk of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Higher-risk groups include older adults, vegans, people with autoimmune conditions, gastrointestinal disorders, or those who have had stomach or bowel surgery, and people taking certain long-term medications.
9. Can vitamin B12 deficiency cause permanent problems?
Yes. If untreated, vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to permanent nerve damage and cognitive impairment. Early treatment usually prevents long-term complications.
10. When should I see a doctor?
See a doctor if you have symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, neurological symptoms such as numbness or balance issues, or concerns about long-term vitamin absorption or deficiency.
