This information is general only and does not replace advice from your GP or healthcare professional.
1. What is acne?
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria. It often causes pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, or cysts, usually on the face, chest, back, or shoulders.
2. How common is acne?
Acne affects most teenagers and many adults. Around 80% of teenagers experience some form of acne, and it can persist into adulthood in some people.
3. What causes acne?
Causes include:
- Overproduction of oil (sebum) by the skin
- Blocked hair follicles
- Bacterial growth (Propionibacterium acnes)
- Hormonal changes during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or PCOS
- Certain medications or cosmetics
- Genetics and family history
4. What are the common symptoms?
- Whiteheads or blackheads
- Red, inflamed pimples
- Cystic or painful nodules under the skin
- Scarring or dark spots after pimples heal
- Greasy skin in affected areas
5. How is acne diagnosed?
A GP or dermatologist diagnoses acne based on:
- Physical examination of the skin
- Medical history, including medications and hormonal factors
- Severity and type of acne (mild, moderate, severe, or cystic)
6. How is acne treated?
Treatment depends on severity:
- Mild acne: Over-the-counter topical treatments with benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid
- Moderate acne: Prescription topical retinoids or antibiotics
- Severe or cystic acne: Oral antibiotics, hormonal therapy, or isotretinoin under specialist supervision
- Skincare: Gentle cleansing and avoiding harsh products that irritate the skin
7. Can lifestyle changes help?
Yes. Maintaining a regular skincare routine, avoiding picking or squeezing pimples, eating a balanced diet, and managing stress can reduce flare-ups. While diet does not cause acne, some people may notice triggers like high glycemic foods or dairy.
8. Can acne affect mental health?
Yes. Acne can impact self-esteem, confidence, and may contribute to anxiety or depression, particularly in teenagers and young adults. Support from healthcare providers and counseling can help.
9. Can acne leave permanent scars?
Severe or untreated acne, particularly cystic acne, can cause scarring or dark marks. Early and effective treatment helps minimize scarring. Dermatologists can offer treatments for existing scars, such as laser therapy or chemical peels.
10. When should I see a GP?
See a GP if:
- Acne is severe, painful, or cystic
- Over-the-counter treatments do not work
- Acne is causing scarring or significant emotional distress
- Hormonal issues (irregular periods, PCOS) are suspected
Early management improves outcomes and prevents long-term skin damage.
