This information is general only and does not replace advice from your GP or healthcare professional.
1. What is PCOS?
PCOS is a common hormonal disorder in women of reproductive age. It involves irregular periods, elevated male hormones (androgens), and sometimes the presence of small ovarian cysts. PCOS can affect fertility, metabolism, and overall health.
2. What are the common symptoms?
Symptoms vary but may include:
- Irregular or absent menstrual periods
- Excess hair growth on face, chest, or back (hirsutism)
- Acne or oily skin
- Thinning scalp hair
- Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
- Fertility difficulties
3. What causes PCOS?
The exact cause is unknown. PCOS is linked to hormonal imbalance, insulin resistance, and genetics. Women with a family history of PCOS or type 2 diabetes are at higher risk. Lifestyle and environmental factors may also contribute.
4. How is PCOS diagnosed?
A GP or gynecologist diagnoses PCOS based on:
- Medical history and menstrual pattern
- Physical examination (e.g., signs of excess hair growth or acne)
- Blood tests to check hormone levels
- Ultrasound to detect ovarian cysts
Diagnosis typically requires at least two of these features (Rotterdam criteria).
5. How is PCOS treated?
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications:
- Lifestyle changes: Healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management
- Medications:
- Hormonal contraceptives to regulate periods and reduce androgen effects
- Metformin to improve insulin resistance
- Fertility medications if conception is desired
- Cosmetic treatments: Hair removal or acne therapies
6. Can PCOS affect fertility?
Yes. PCOS is a common cause of irregular ovulation, making it harder to conceive. Many women with PCOS can still get pregnant with lifestyle changes, ovulation-inducing medications, or assisted reproductive techniques.
7. Can PCOS lead to other health problems?
Women with PCOS have an increased risk of:
- Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes
- High cholesterol and cardiovascular disease
- Sleep apnea
- Endometrial hyperplasia (thickening of the uterine lining)
Regular monitoring and lifestyle management help reduce these risks.
8. Can lifestyle changes help manage PCOS?
Yes. Maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and managing stress can improve insulin resistance, hormone balance, and menstrual regularity. Lifestyle management is a key part of PCOS care.
9. Do all women with PCOS have cysts?
No. Some women with PCOS do not have visible ovarian cysts but still experience hormonal imbalance and irregular periods. Diagnosis is based on a combination of symptoms, blood tests, and ultrasound findings.
10. When should I see a GP?
See a GP if you experience:
- Irregular or absent periods
- Excess hair growth or severe acne
- Difficulty conceiving
- Sudden weight gain or signs of insulin resistance
Early assessment allows timely management and reduces risk of complications.