This information is general only and does not replace advice from your GP or healthcare professional.
1. What is thrush?
Thrush is a common yeast infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a fungus that normally lives harmlessly in the vagina. When the balance of bacteria and yeast is disrupted, the yeast can grow too much and cause symptoms such as itching, irritation, and discharge.
2. What are the main symptoms of thrush?
Thrush typically causes intense vaginal itching, redness, irritation, and a thick, white, “cottage cheese–like” discharge. Some people may also experience burning during urination or discomfort during sex. Unlike bacterial vaginosis, thrush usually does not cause a strong odour.
3. What causes thrush to develop?
Thrush often occurs when something disrupts the natural balance of bacteria and yeast. Common triggers include recent antibiotic use, tight clothing, high humidity, hormonal changes (such as pregnancy), diabetes, weakened immune system, or using scented soaps and products in the genital area.
4. Is thrush a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?
No. Thrush is not considered an STI, but sexual activity can sometimes make symptoms more noticeable. It can also occasionally be passed between sexual partners, though this is less common.
5. How is thrush diagnosed?
A GP can diagnose thrush based on symptoms and a simple swab test if needed. If symptoms are typical and you have had thrush before, you may recognise it yourself. However, if symptoms are new or keep recurring, a medical assessment is recommended.
6. How is thrush treated?
Treatment usually involves antifungal medication, which may come as vaginal cream, pessaries (tablets inserted into the vagina), or oral tablets. Most people improve within a few days. It’s important to complete the full treatment course as instructed.
7. Why does thrush keep coming back?
Recurrent thrush can happen due to ongoing triggers such as stress, hormones, diabetes, tight clothing, or frequent antibiotic use. Some people are simply more prone due to natural body chemistry. If thrush happens four or more times a year, your GP may recommend longer-term treatment.
8. Can thrush occur during pregnancy?
Yes. Thrush is very common during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that make the vaginal environment more favourable for yeast growth. Safe treatment options are available—vaginal creams and pessaries are usually preferred. Always check with your GP or midwife before treatment.
9. What can I do at home to relieve symptoms?
Wearing loose, breathable cotton underwear, avoiding tight clothing, keeping the area dry, and avoiding scented soaps or products can help. Cool compresses or lukewarm baths may temporarily ease itching. Avoid scratching the area as it can worsen irritation.
10. How can I prevent thrush in the future?
Prevention strategies include avoiding scented soaps and feminine hygiene products, wearing breathable cotton underwear, changing out of wet clothing quickly, controlling blood sugars if diabetic, and avoiding unnecessary antibiotics. If you experience recurrent thrush, discuss long-term options with your GP.
